| definition |
- The academic discipline concerned with making explicit the nature and significance of ordinary and scientific beliefs and investigating the intelligibility of concepts by means of rational argument concerning their presuppositions, implications, and interrelationships; in particular, the rational investigation of the nature and structure of reality (metaphysics), the resources and limits of knowledge (epistemology), the principles and import of moral judgment (ethics), and the relationship between language and reality (semantics).
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| Abstract from DBPedia | Philosophy (from Greek: φιλοσοφία, philosophia, 'love of wisdom') is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some sources claim the term was coined by Pythagoras (c. 570 – c. 495 BCE), although this theory is disputed by some. Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. Historically, philosophy encompassed all bodies of knowledge and a practitioner was known as a philosopher. "natural philosophy," which began as a discipline in ancient India and Ancient Greece, encompasses astronomy, medicine, and physics. For example, Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics. In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize. Since then, various areas of investigation that were traditionally part of philosophy have become separate academic disciplines, and namely the social sciences such as psychology, sociology, linguistics, and economics. Today, major subfields of academic philosophy include metaphysics, which is concerned with the fundamental nature of existence and reality; epistemology, which studies the nature of knowledge and belief; ethics, which is concerned with moral value; and logic, which studies the rules of inference that allow one to derive conclusions from true premises. Other notable subfields include philosophy of religion, philosophy of science, political philosophy, aesthetics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of mind.哲学（てつがく、フィロソフィー 英: philosophy）とは、原義的には「愛知」を意味する学問分野、または活動 である。現代英語のフィロソフィー（philosophy）は「哲学」・「哲学専攻コース」・「哲学説」・「人生［世界］観」・「達観」・「あきらめ」などを意味する。「愛知としての哲学」は知識欲に根ざす根源的活動の一つだが、19世紀以降は自然科学が急発展して哲学から独立し、哲学は主に美学・倫理学・認識論という三つで形作られるようになった。哲学に従事する人物は哲学者（てつがくしゃ、フィロソファー 英: philosopher）と呼ばれる。 (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Philosophy) |
