Astronomical seeing

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  • Astronomical seeing
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  • Dome seeing
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Abstract from DBPedia
    In astronomy, seeing is the degradation of the image of an astronomical object due to turbulence in the atmosphere of Earth that may become visible as blurring, twinkling or variable distortion. The origin of this effect are rapidly changing variations of the optical refractive index along the light path of the object.Seeing is a major limitation to the angular resolution in astronomical observations with telescopes that would otherwise be limited through diffraction by the size of the telescope aperture.Today, many large scientific ground-based optical telescopes include adaptive optics to overcome seeing. The strength of seeing is often characterized by the angular diameter of the long-exposure image of a star (seeing disk) or by the Fried parameter r0. The diameter of the seeing disk is the full width at half maximum of its optical intensity. An exposure time of several tens of milliseconds can be considered long in this context. The Fried parameter describes the size of an imaginary telescope aperture for which the diffraction limited angular resolution is equal to the resolution limited by seeing. Both the size of the seeing disc and the Fried parameter depend on the optical wavelength, but it is common to specify them for 500 nanometers.A seeing disk smaller than 0.4 arcseconds or a Fried parameter larger than 30 centimeters can be considered excellent seeing. The best conditions are typically found at high-altitude observatories on small islands such as Mauna Kea or La Palma.

    シーイング(英: seeing)とは、望遠鏡などで天体を観たときに発生する、星像の位置の揺らぎ(シンチレーション)の程度を表す尺度である。観測記録をつける際に、しばしば5段階や10段階評価でこれを併記する。記入の際は(評価)/(満点)のような記法をとる(たとえば、3/5や2/10)。評価が高いほど数字は大きくなる(揺らぎが少なくなる)。 シンチレーションの主な原因は、大気の揺らぎなどによる空気の屈折率の微小な変化によるものである。近いものは望遠鏡内部の対流や人の体温による対流から、遠いものはジェット気流に至るまで、至る所に発生原因が潜んでおり、予測しにくいことから、望遠鏡の地上からの観測精度の限界のボトルネックになっている。また、現在ではこれを克服するために、補償光学系が開発されており、実際、すばる望遠鏡などに装備されている。

    (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Astronomical_seeing)