| Abstract from DBPedia | In gamma-ray astronomy, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are immensely energetic explosions that have been observed in distant galaxies. They are the most energetic and luminous electromagnetic events since the Big Bang. Bursts can last from ten milliseconds to several hours. After an initial flash of gamma rays, a longer-lived "afterglow" is usually emitted at longer wavelengths (X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, microwave and radio). The intense radiation of most observed GRBs is thought to be released during a supernova or superluminous supernova as a high-mass star implodes to form a neutron star or a black hole. A subclass of GRBs (the "short" bursts) appear to originate from the merger of binary neutron stars. The cause of the precursor burst observed in some of these short events may be the development of a resonance between the crust and core of such stars as a result of the massive tidal forces experienced in the seconds leading up to their collision, causing the entire crust of the star to shatter. The sources of most GRBs are billions of light years away from Earth, implying that the explosions are both extremely energetic (a typical burst releases as much energy in a few seconds as the Sun will in its entire 10-billion-year lifetime) and extremely rare (a few per galaxy per million years). All observed GRBs have originated from outside the Milky Way galaxy, although a related class of phenomena, soft gamma repeaters, are associated with magnetars within the Milky Way. It has been hypothesized that a gamma-ray burst in the Milky Way, pointing directly towards the Earth, could cause a mass extinction event. GRBs were first detected in 1967 by the Vela satellites, which had been designed to detect covert nuclear weapons tests; after thorough analysis, this was published in 1973. Following their discovery, hundreds of theoretical models were proposed to explain these bursts, such as collisions between comets and neutron stars. Little information was available to verify these models until the 1997 detection of the first X-ray and optical afterglows and direct measurement of their redshifts using optical spectroscopy, and thus their distances and energy outputs. These discoveries, and subsequent studies of the galaxies and supernovae associated with the bursts, clarified the distance and luminosity of GRBs, definitively placing them in distant galaxies.ガンマ線バースト（ガンマせんバースト、英: gamma-ray burst、GRB）は、天文学の分野で知られている中で最も光度の高い物理現象である。 ガンマ線バーストではガンマ線が数秒から数時間にわたって閃光のように放出され、そのあとX線の残光が数日間見られる。この現象は天球上のランダムな位置で一日に数回起こっている。 ガンマ線バーストを起こす元となる仮想的な天体をガンマ線バースターと呼ぶ。現在では、ガンマ線バーストは極超新星と関連しているという説が最も有力である。超大質量の恒星が一生を終える時に極超新星となって爆発し、これによってブラックホールが形成され、バーストが起こるとされる。多くのガンマ線バーストが何十億光年も離れた場所で生じている事実は、この現象が極めてエネルギーが高く（太陽が100億年間で放出するエネルギーを上回る）、かつめったに起こらない現象である事を示唆している（1つの銀河で数百万年に一度しか発生しない）。これまで観測された全てのガンマ線バーストは銀河系の外で生じている。似たような現象として軟ガンマ線リピーターがあるが、これは銀河系内のマグネターによるものである。ガンマ線バーストが銀河系で生じ、地球方向に放出された場合、大量絶滅を引き起こすと推定されている。 なお、天体物理学界ではガンマ線バーストの詳細な発生機構についての合意は得られていない。 (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Gamma-ray_burst) |
