| Abstract from DBPedia | In probability theory and statistics, variance is the expectation of the squared deviation of a random variable from its population mean or sample mean. Variance is a measure of dispersion, meaning it is a measure of how far a set of numbers is spread out from their average value. Variance has a central role in statistics, where some ideas that use it include descriptive statistics, statistical inference, hypothesis testing, goodness of fit, and Monte Carlo sampling. Variance is an important tool in the sciences, where statistical analysis of data is common. The variance is the square of the standard deviation, the second central moment of a distribution, and the covariance of the random variable with itself, and it is often represented by , , , , or . An advantage of variance as a measure of dispersion is that it is more amenable to algebraic manipulation than other measures of dispersion such as the expected absolute deviation; for example, the variance of a sum of uncorrelated random variables is equal to the sum of their variances. A disadvantage of the variance for practical applications is that, unlike the standard deviation, its units differ from the random variable, which is why the standard deviation is more commonly reported as a measure of dispersion once the calculation is finished. There are two distinct concepts that are both called "variance". One, as discussed above, is part of a theoretical probability distribution and is defined by an equation. The other variance is a characteristic of a set of observations. When variance is calculated from observations, those observations are typically measured from a real world system. If all possible observations of the system are present then the calculated variance is called the population variance. Normally, however, only a subset is available, and the variance calculated from this is called the sample variance. The variance calculated from a sample is considered an estimate of the full population variance. There are multiple ways to calculate an estimate of the population variance, as discussed in the section below. The two kinds of variance are closely related. To see how, consider that a theoretical probability distribution can be used as a generator of hypothetical observations. If an infinite number of observations are generated using a distribution, then the sample variance calculated from that infinite set will match the value calculated using the distribution's equation for variance.数学の統計学における分散（ぶんさん、英: variance）とは、データ（母集団、標本）、確率変数（確率分布）の標準偏差の自乗のことである。分散も標準偏差と同様に散らばり具合を表し、標準偏差より分散の方が計算が簡単なため、計算する上で分散を用いることも多い。 分散は具体的には、平均値からの偏差の2乗の平均に等しい。データ x1, x2, …, xn の分散 s2 は ここで x は平均値を表す。 分散が 0 であることは、データの値が全て等しいことと同値である。データの分散は二乗平均から平均の2乗を引いた値に等しくなる。 確率変数 X の分散 V[X]（Var[X] と書く場合もある。）は、X の期待値を E[X] で表すと V[X] = E[(X − E[X])2] となる。確率変数の分散は確率変数の2次の中心化モーメントである。 統計学では、記述統計学においては標本の散らばり具合を表す指標として標本分散（ひょうほんぶんさん、英: sample variance）を、推計統計学においては不偏分散（ふへんぶんさん、英: unbiased variance）・不偏標本分散（ふへんひょうほんぶんさん、英: unbiased sample variance）を用いる。 (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Variance) |
