| Abstract from DBPedia | A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol p, H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 e elementary charge. Its mass is slightly less than that of a neutron and 1,836 times the mass of an electron (the proton–electron mass ratio). Protons and neutrons, each with masses of approximately one atomic mass unit, are jointly referred to as "nucleons" (particles present in atomic nuclei). One or more protons are present in the nucleus of every atom. They provide the attractive electrostatic central force which binds the atomic electrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is the defining property of an element, and is referred to as the atomic number (represented by the symbol Z). Since each element has a unique number of protons, each element has its own unique atomic number, which determines the number of atomic electrons and consequently the chemical characteristics of the element. The word proton is Greek for "first", and this name was given to the hydrogen nucleus by Ernest Rutherford in 1920. In previous years, Rutherford had discovered that the hydrogen nucleus (known to be the lightest nucleus) could be extracted from the nuclei of nitrogen by atomic collisions. Protons were therefore a candidate to be a fundamental or elementary particle, and hence a building block of nitrogen and all other heavier atomic nuclei. Although protons were originally considered elementary particles, in the modern Standard Model of particle physics, protons are now known to be composite particles, containing three valence quarks, and together with neutrons are now classified as hadrons. Protons are composed of two up quarks of charge +2/3e and one down quark of charge −1/3e. The rest masses of quarks contribute only about 1% of a proton's mass. The remainder of a proton's mass is due to quantum chromodynamics binding energy, which includes the kinetic energy of the quarks and the energy of the gluon fields that bind the quarks together. Because protons are not fundamental particles, they possess a measurable size; the root mean square charge radius of a proton is about 0.84–0.87 fm (or 0.84×10−15 to 0.87×10−15 m). In 2019, two different studies, using different techniques, found this radius to be 0.833 fm, with an uncertainty of ±0.010 fm. Free protons occur occasionally on Earth: thunderstorms can produce protons with energies of up to several tens of MeV. At sufficiently low temperatures and kinetic energies, free protons will bind to electrons. However, the character of such bound protons does not change, and they remain protons. A fast proton moving through matter will slow by interactions with electrons and nuclei, until it is captured by the electron cloud of an atom. The result is a protonated atom, which is a chemical compound of hydrogen. In a vacuum, when free electrons are present, a sufficiently slow proton may pick up a single free electron, becoming a neutral hydrogen atom, which is chemically a free radical. Such "free hydrogen atoms" tend to react chemically with many other types of atoms at sufficiently low energies. When free hydrogen atoms react with each other, they form neutral hydrogen molecules (H2), which are the most common molecular component of molecular clouds in interstellar space. Free protons are routinely used for accelerators for proton therapy or various particle physics experiments, with the most powerful example being the Large Hadron Collider.陽子（ようし、（羅: 蘭: 独: 仏: 英: proton）とは、原子核を構成する粒子のうち、正の電荷をもつ粒子である。英語名のままプロトンと呼ばれることも多い。陽子は電荷+1、スピン1/2のフェルミ粒子である。記号 p で表される。 陽子とともに中性子によって原子核は構成され、これらは核子と総称される。水素（軽水素、1H）の原子核は、1個の陽子のみから構成される。電子が離れてイオン化した水素イオン（1H+）は陽子そのものであるため、化学の領域では水素イオンをプロトンと呼ぶことが多い。 化学的な水素の陽イオンの性質については「ヒドロン」を参照 原子核物理学、素粒子物理学において、陽子はクォークが結びついた複合粒子であるハドロンに分類され、2個のアップクォークと1個のダウンクォークで構成されるバリオンである。ハドロンを分類するフレーバーは、バリオン数が1、ストレンジネスは0であり、アイソスピンは1/2、超電荷は1/2となる。バリオンの中では最も軽くて安定である。 原子核内で核子同士をまとめておく力については「パイ中間子」を参照 (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Proton) |
