| Abstract from DBPedia | Unemployment, according to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is people above a specified age (usually 15) not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work during the reference period. Unemployment is measured by the unemployment rate, which is the number of people who are unemployed as a percentage of the labour force (the total number of people employed added to those unemployed). Unemployment can have many sources, such as the following:
* new technologies and inventions
* the status of the economy, which can be influenced by a recession
* competition caused by globalization and international trade
* policies of the government
* regulation and market Unemployment and the status of the economy can be influenced by a country through, for example, fiscal policy. Furthermore, the monetary authority of a country, such as the central bank, can influence the availability and cost for money through its monetary policy. In addition to theories of unemployment, a few categorisations of unemployment are used for more precisely modelling the effects of unemployment within the economic system. Some of the main types of unemployment include structural unemployment, frictional unemployment, cyclical unemployment, involuntary unemployment and classical unemployment. Structural unemployment focuses on foundational problems in the economy and inefficiencies inherent in labor markets, including a mismatch between the supply and demand of laborers with necessary skill sets. Structural arguments emphasize causes and solutions related to disruptive technologies and globalization. Discussions of frictional unemployment focus on voluntary decisions to work based on individuals' valuation of their own work and how that compares to current wage rates added to the time and effort required to find a job. Causes and solutions for frictional unemployment often address job entry threshold and wage rates. According to the UN's International Labour Organization (ILO), there were 172 million people worldwide (or 5% of the reported global workforce) without work in 2018. Because of the difficulty in measuring the unemployment rate by, for example, using surveys (as in the United States) or through registered unemployed citizens (as in some European countries), statistical figures such as the employment-to-population ratio might be more suitable for evaluating the status of the workforce and the economy if they were based on people who are registered, for example, as taxpayers.失業（しつぎょう、英: unemployment）とは、職業（仕事）を失うこと、および労働の意志も能力もあるのに仕事に就けない状態を指す。特に､仕事が無い状態を指す無職（むしょく）のうち、就業に向けた職探しを行っている者の状態を指し､そのような状態の者を失業者（しつぎょうしゃ）と言う｡ 労働力人口に対する失業者数の割合を失業率と言う。完全雇用（Full employment）とは、労働力、技術、土地、資本、その他の生産要素を最大限に活用して、最大限の持続可能な生産能力を生み出している状態をさし、「失業者が一人もいない」ということではなく、一定の摩擦的失業の存在を含んだ状態のことをいう。 国際労働機関（ILO）によれば、2018年の時点では全世界で1億7200万人（報告された世界の労働力人口の5%）が無職であった。 15-24歳の労働力人口における失業者を若年失業者といい、日本など一部を除いて北欧の福祉国家でさえも若年失業率が20 %から下がらないことがOECD加盟国で大きな問題になっている。 (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Unemployment) |
