| Abstract from DBPedia | Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of living fish species are ray-finned fish, belonging to the class Actinopterygii, with around 99% of those being teleosts. The earliest organisms that can be classified as fish were soft-bodied chordates that first appeared during the Cambrian period. Although they lacked a true spine, they possessed notochords which allowed them to be more agile than their invertebrate counterparts. Fish would continue to evolve through the Paleozoic era, diversifying into a wide variety of forms. Many fish of the Paleozoic developed external armor that protected them from predators. The first fish with jaws appeared in the Silurian period, after which many (such as sharks) became formidable marine predators rather than just the prey of arthropods. Most fish are ectothermic ("cold-blooded"), allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change, though some of the large active swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold a higher core temperature. Fish can acoustically communicate with each other, most often in the context of feeding, aggression or courtship. Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic environments, from high mountain streams (e.g., char and gudgeon) to the abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans (e.g., cusk-eels and snailfish), although no species has yet been documented in the deepest 25% of the ocean. With 34,300 described species, fish exhibit greater species diversity than any other group of vertebrates. Fish are an important resource for humans worldwide, especially as food. Commercial and subsistence fishers hunt fish in wild fisheries or farm them in ponds or in cages in the ocean (in aquaculture). They are also caught by recreational fishers, kept as pets, raised by fishkeepers, and exhibited in public aquaria. Fish have had a role in culture through the ages, serving as deities, religious symbols, and as the subjects of art, books and movies. Tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) emerged within lobe-finned fishes, so cladistically they are fish as well. However, traditionally fish (pisces or ichthyes) are rendered paraphyletic by excluding the tetrapods, and are therefore not considered a formal taxonomic grouping in systematic biology, unless it is used in the cladistic sense, including tetrapods, although usually "vertebrate" is preferred and used for this purpose (fish plus tetrapods) instead. Furthermore, cetaceans, although mammals, have often been considered fish by various cultures and time periods.魚類（ぎょるい）は、脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrataから四肢動物を除外した動物群。日常語で魚（さかな）と呼ばれる動物である。 基本的に一生の間水中生活を営み、えら（鰓）呼吸を行い、ひれ（鰭）を用いて移動する。体表はうろこ（鱗）で覆われている。 ほとんどの種は外界の温度によって体温を変化させる変温動物である。マグロやカジキ、一部の軟骨魚類は奇網と呼ばれる組織により、体温を海水温よりも高く保つことができる。 魚類は地球上のあらゆる水圏環境に放散し、その生息域は熱帯から極域、海洋の表層から深層、また内陸の淡水域まで多岐におよぶ。その生態や形態も実に様々である。魚類全体の種数は2万5,000 - 3万近くにものぼり、脊椎動物全体の半数以上を占めている。 大きさは種により大きく異なる。現生種で最大のものは体長13.7メートルに達するジンベエザメである。また化石種を含めると、約1億6,500万年前のリードシクティス・プロブレマティカスに、推定の仕方に違いがあるが28メートル以上もしくは16.7メートルの個体が発見されている。一方、現生種で最小のものはパエドキプリス・プロゲネティカであり、成魚でも7.9ミリメートルにしかならない。 (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Fish) |
