Water scarcity
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水の危機（みずのきき 英: Water crisis）とは、1970年代からの地球上の水資源と人類の需要とを比較したときの状態をさす。世界規模で見た水資源の状況を表す言葉として、国際連合などの国際機関が使用している。特に、水不足と水質汚染が主要な問題とされる。 地球上の水は、地下、表層、大気に蓄えられているが、絶対量には上限が存在する。また海水を飲用水にするための処理に必要なエネルギーは莫大であり、今のところ海洋を水源とみなすのは現実的ではない。人類が利用できる水資源は、一部の淡水に限定されている。水の危機は次のような形で顕在化している。 * 安全な飲み水を得ることができない多くの人々。 * 地下水の過剰な汲み上げによる農耕地の化 * 水資源の過剰利用と汚染による生物多様性の低下。 * 水資源の不足による地域紛争。コチャバンバ水紛争など。(最近では水戦争などと呼ばれる) 水系感染症と不衛生な生活用水は、世界でもっとも主要な死因であり、疾病の80 %の原因となっているという算定もある。 (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Water_scarcity) Water scarcity (closely related to water stress or water crisis) is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two types of water scarcity: physical or economic water scarcity. Physical water scarcity is where there is not enough water to meet all demands, including that needed for ecosystems to function effectively. Arid areas for example Central and West Asia, and North Africa often suffer from physical water scarcity. On the other hand, economic water scarcity is caused by a lack of investment in infrastructure or technology to draw water from rivers, aquifers, or other water sources, or insufficient human capacity to satisfy the demand for water. Much of Sub-Saharan Africa has economic water scarcity. The essence of global water scarcity is the geographic and temporal mismatch between fresh water demand and availability. At the global level and on an annual basis, enough freshwater is available to meet such demand, but spatial and temporal variations of water demand and availability are large, leading to physical water scarcity in several parts of the world during specific times of the year. The main driving forces for the rising global demand for water are the increasing world population, improving living standards, changing consumption patterns (for example a dietary shift toward more animal products), and expansion of irrigated agriculture. Climate change (including droughts or floods), deforestation, increased water pollution and wasteful use of water can also cause insufficient water supply. Scarcity varies over time as a result of natural hydrological variability, but varies even more so as a function of prevailing economic policy, planning and management approaches. Scarcity can and will likely intensify with most forms of economic development, but many of its causes can be avoided or mitigated. Water scarcity assessments need to incorporate information on green water (soil moisture), water quality, environmental flow requirements, globalization, and virtual water trade. There is a need for collaboration between hydrological, water quality, aquatic ecosystem science and social science communities in water scarcity assessment. "Water stress" has been used as parameter to measure water scarcity, for example in the context of Sustainable Development Goal 6. Two-thirds of the global population (4 billion people) live under conditions of severe water scarcity at least one month of the year. Half a billion people in the world face severe water scarcity all year round. Half of the world's largest cities experience water scarcity. There are 2.3 billion people who reside in nations with water scarcities, which means that each individual receives less than 1 700 m3 of water annually. However, 380 billion m3 of municipal wastewater are produced globally each year. Options for reducing water scarcity include: supply and demand side management, cooperation between countries, water conservation (including prevention of water pollution), expanding sources of usable water (through wastewater reuse or desalination) and virtual water trade.水不足（みずぶそく、英: Water scarcity） とは、水資源が物理的もしくは経済的に十分でなく、水利用が十分に行えなくなること。水不足が起こることで、食糧危機、工場停止、安全な飲料水を確保できず水系感染症が蔓延するなどが起こる。水不足が深刻化した場合を渇水という。 |