| Abstract from DBPedia | A tunicate is a marine invertebrate animal, a member of the subphylum Tunicata (/ˌtjuːnɪˈkeɪtə/). It is part of the Chordata, a phylum which includes all animals with dorsal nerve cords and notochords (including vertebrates). The subphylum was at one time called Urochordata, and the term urochordates is still sometimes used for these animals. They are the only chordates that have lost their myomeric segmentation, with the possible exception of the 'seriation of the gill slits'. Some tunicates live as solitary individuals, but others replicate by budding and become colonies, each unit being known as a zooid. They are marine filter feeders with a water-filled, sac-like body structure and two tubular openings, known as siphons, through which they draw in and expel water. During their respiration and feeding, they take in water through the incurrent (or inhalant) siphon and expel the filtered water through the excurrent (or exhalant) siphon. Most adult tunicates are sessile, immobile and permanently attached to rocks or other hard surfaces on the ocean floor; others, such as salps, larvaceans, doliolids and pyrosomes, swim in the pelagic zone of the sea as adults. Various species of the subphylum tunicata are commonly known as ascidians, sea squirts, tunicates, sea pork, sea livers, or sea tulips. The earliest probable species of tunicate appears in the fossil record in the early Cambrian period. Despite their simple appearance and very different adult form, their close relationship to the vertebrates is evidenced by the fact that during their mobile larval stage, they possess a notochord or stiffening rod and resemble a tadpole. Their name derives from their unique outer covering or "tunic", which is formed from proteins and carbohydrates, and acts as an exoskeleton. In some species, it is thin, translucent, and gelatinous, while in others it is thick, tough, and stiff.尾索動物（びさくどうぶつ、Urochordata または Tunicata）とは、脊索動物門の下位分類群のひとつで、ホヤ類、タリア類、オタマボヤ類の3つの動物のグループの総称。被嚢動物やホヤ動物とも。すべて、海中に住み、プランクトンを濾過して食べる動物で、脊椎動物に近縁のグループである。 ホヤ類は世界で2300種以上、タリア類、オタマボヤ類はそれぞれ数十種程度の現生種が知られている。 尾索動物は頭索動物（ナメクジウオ）のもつ13のHox遺伝子のうち4つを失っており、幼生期のボディープランが他の脊索動物とは異なる機構で形成される。 またホヤ類は「他の脊索動物と分岐した後に、成体で脊索動物の特徴を失った」と考えられる。 (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Tunicate) |
