| Abstract from DBPedia | Erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, and then transports it to another location where it is deposited. Erosion is distinct from weathering which involves no movement. Removal of rock or soil as clastic sediment is referred to as physical or mechanical erosion; this contrasts with chemical erosion, where soil or rock material is removed from an area by dissolution. Eroded sediment or solutes may be transported just a few millimetres, or for thousands of kilometres. Agents of erosion include rainfall; bedrock wear in rivers; coastal erosion by the sea and waves; glacial plucking, abrasion, and scour; areal flooding; wind abrasion; groundwater processes; and mass movement processes in steep landscapes like landslides and debris flows. The rates at which such processes act control how fast a surface is eroded. Typically, physical erosion proceeds the fastest on steeply sloping surfaces, and rates may also be sensitive to some climatically-controlled properties including amounts of water supplied (e.g., by rain), storminess, wind speed, wave fetch, or atmospheric temperature (especially for some ice-related processes). Feedbacks are also possible between rates of erosion and the amount of eroded material that is already carried by, for example, a river or glacier. The transport of eroded materials from their original location is followed by deposition, which is arrival and emplacement of material at a new location. While erosion is a natural process, human activities have increased by 10-40 times the rate at which soil erosion is occurring globally. At agriculture sites in the Appalachian Mountains, intensive farming practices have caused erosion at up to 100 times the natural rate of erosion in the region. Excessive (or accelerated) erosion causes both "on-site" and "off-site" problems. On-site impacts include decreases in agricultural productivity and (on natural landscapes) ecological collapse, both because of loss of the nutrient-rich upper soil layers. In some cases, this leads to desertification. Off-site effects include sedimentation of waterways and eutrophication of water bodies, as well as sediment-related damage to roads and houses. Water and wind erosion are the two primary causes of land degradation; combined, they are responsible for about 84% of the global extent of degraded land, making excessive erosion one of the most significant environmental problems worldwide. Intensive agriculture, deforestation, roads, anthropogenic climate change and urban sprawl are amongst the most significant human activities in regard to their effect on stimulating erosion. However, there are many practices that can curtail or limit erosion of vulnerable soils.侵食（しんしょく、侵蝕とも、erosion）とは、水や風などの外的営力により岩石や地層が削られること。浸食（浸蝕）と表記する場合もあるが、水に「浸る」とは限らないため、学術的には侵食の表記を用いる。 水の場合は雨水およびそれが流れたものから河川の流れ、海や湖の波、氷河などが原因（scoring）。水流そのものによって物理的侵食をする場合を「洗掘」、長時間にわたって堅い岩盤などが摩耗されることを「磨食」と区別することもある。 風の場合は風そのもののほか、風で飛ばされてくる砂粒によって削られる（サンドブラスト状態）ことも多い。これは風食（deflation）と呼ばれることもある。また、貝類やウニなどによって石灰岩などが侵食されることを生物侵食（bioerosion）という。 (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Erosion) |
