WAVES

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  • WAVES
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  • The Sun and the Earth emit radio waves that affect particles in the interplanetary plasma and carry some of the energy flowing there. The Radio and Plasma Wave experiment (WAVES) on WIND will measure the properties of these waves and other wave modes of the plasma over a wide frequency range. Analyses of these measurements, in coordination with the other onboard plasma, energetic particles, and field measurements, will further the understanding of solar wind and interplanetary plasma processes. The sensor system of the WAVES experiment consists of three electric antenna systems (two coplanar, orthogonal wire antennas in the spin-plane and a rigid spin-axis dipole) and a triaxial magnetic search coil. The longer and shorter spin plane dipoles have lengths of 50 m and 7.5 m for each wire, respectively, while each spin-axis dipole extends 5.28 m from the top and bottom surfaces of the spacecraft. The triaxial magnetic search coil for measuring bi-frequency magnetic fields is mounted at the outboard end of a 12-m radial boom. There are five main receiver systems: a bi-frequency (DC to 10 kHz) Fast Fourier Transform receiver, a broadband (4 kHz to 256 kHz) electron thermal noise receiver, two swept-frequency radio receivers (20 kHz to lMHz, and lMHz to 14 MHz), and a time domain waveform sampler (up to 120,000 samples per second). The DPU controls and acquires data from all operations of the experiment, and can be reprogrammed from the ground. The receiver systems and DPU are housed within the spacecraft body. WAVES has onboard interconnects with 3-D PLASMA and with SWE. For more information, see: http://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/waves/ Group: Instrument_Details Entry_ID: WAVES Group: Instrument_Identification Instrument_Category: Solar/Space Observing Instruments Instrument_Class: Radio Wave Detectors Short_Name: WAVES Long_Name: Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation End_Group Group: Associated_Platforms Short_Name: WIND End_Group Group: Spectral_Frequency_Information Wavelength_Keyword: Radio Number_Channels: 5 Spectral_Frequency_Coverage_Range: 4 kHz - 14 MHz End_Group Online_Resource: http://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/waves/ Group: Instrument_Logistics Instrument_Start_Date: 1994-11-01 Instrument_Owner: NASA Instrument_Owner: Paris-Meudon Observatory Instrument_Owner: University of Minnesota End_Group End_Group
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  • Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation
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Abstract from DBPedia
    The United States Naval Reserve (Women's Reserve), better known as the WAVES (for Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service), was the women's branch of the United States Naval Reserve during World War II. It was established on July 21, 1942, by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on July 30. This authorized the U.S. Navy to accept women into the Naval Reserve as commissioned officers and at the enlisted level, effective for the duration of the war plus six months. The purpose of the law was to release officers and men for sea duty and replace them with women in shore establishments. Mildred H. McAfee, on leave as president of Wellesley College, became the first director of the WAVES. She was commissioned a lieutenant commander on August 3, 1942, and later promoted to commander and then to captain. The notion of women serving in the Navy was not widely supported in the Congress or by the Navy, even though some of the lawmakers and naval personnel did support the need for uniformed women during World War II. Public Law 689, allowing women to serve in the Navy, was due in large measure to the efforts of the Navy's Women's Advisory Council, Margaret Chung, and Eleanor Roosevelt, the First Lady of the United States. To be eligible for officer candidate school, women had to be aged 20 to 49 and possess a college degree or have two years of college and two years of equivalent professional or business experience. Volunteers at the enlisted level had to be aged 20 to 35 and possess a high school or a business diploma, or have equivalent experience. The WAVES were primarily white, but 72 African-American women eventually served. The Navy's training of most WAVE officer candidates took place at Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts. Specialized training for officers was conducted on several college campuses and naval facilities. Most enlisted members received recruit training at Hunter College, in the Bronx, New York City. After recruit training, some women attended specialized training courses on college campuses and at naval facilities. The WAVES served at 900 stations in the United States. The territory of Hawaii was the only overseas station where their staff was assigned. Many female officers entered fields previously held by men, such as medicine and engineering. Enlisted women served in jobs from clerical to parachute riggers. Many women experienced workplace hostility from their male counterparts. The Navy's lack of clear-cut policies, early on, was the source of many of the difficulties. The WAVES' peak strength was 86,291 members. Upon demobilization of the officer and enlisted members, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, Fleet Admiral Ernest King, and Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz all commended the WAVES for their contributions to the war effort.

    (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/WAVES)