Theodolite

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  • Theodolite
definition
  • A THEODOLITE is an optical instrument, similar to a surveyor?s transit telescope, used to visually track a radiosonde balloon and determine its azimuth and elevation angles while in flight.
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Abstract from DBPedia
    A theodolite (/θiˈɒdəˌlaɪt/) is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes. The traditional use has been for land surveying, but it is also used extensively for building and infrastructure construction, and some specialized applications such as meteorology and rocket launching. It consists of a moveable telescope mounted so it can rotate around horizontal and vertical axes and provide angular readouts. These indicate the orientation of the telescope, and are used to relate the first point sighted through the telescope to subsequent sightings of other points from the same theodolite position. These angles can be measured with accuracies down to microradians or seconds of arc. From these readings a plan can be drawn, or objects can be positioned in accordance with an existing plan. The modern theodolite has evolved into what is known as a total station where angles and distances are measured electronically, and are read directly to computer memory. In a transit theodolite, the telescope is short enough to rotate about the trunnion axis, turning the telescope through the vertical plane through the zenith; for non-transit instruments vertical rotation is restricted to a limited arc. The optical level is sometimes mistaken for a theodolite, but it does not measure vertical angles, and is used only for leveling on a horizontal plane (though often combined with medium accuracy horizontal range and direction measurements).

    トランシット (transit) とは望遠鏡の中心点を基準として、望遠鏡で視準した点または方角に対する角度を計測する測量器械の一つ。欧州で発明されたセオドライト(theodolite)が米国に渡り、米国ではこの種の器械をトランシットと称呼するようになった。日本で光学的測量器械が使われ始めてしばらくは、セオドライトもトランシットも経緯儀(けいいぎ)と、称呼されていた。 日本国内でセオドライトやトランシットが製造されるようになると、バーニヤ目盛で角度を読み取る構造のものを「トランシット」、内蔵している精密分度盤に刻まれた数字をマイクロメーターで読み取るものや、デジタルディスプレーに表示された数字を読み取る構造のものを「セオドライト」と区別するようになった。 およそ1990年頃以降は、高精度を要しない林業農業用や簡易測量用、教育実習用以外のトランシットは殆ど製造されておらず、測量業務ではデジタル数値表示の電子セオドライトや測角精度が極めて高いデジタル数値表示のセオドライトに光波測距儀やデータ処理機能を付加したトータルステーションが用いられている。

    (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Theodolite)