Antarctica

prefLabel
  • Antarctica
definition
  • A continent lying chiefly within the Antarctic Circle and asymmetrically centered on the South Pole: it consists of an ice-covered plateau (some 95 percent of Antarctica is covered by an icecap averaging 1,6 km in thickness), 1800-3000 m above sea level, and mountains ranges rising to 4500 m with some volcanic peaks; average temperatures all below freezing and human settlement is confined to research station.
inScheme
broader
Abstract from DBPedia
    Antarctica (/ænˈtɑːrktɪkə/) is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000 km2 (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi). Antarctica is, on average, the coldest, driest, and windiest of the continents, and it has the highest average elevation. It is mainly a polar desert, with annual precipitation of over 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. About 70% of the world's freshwater reserves are frozen in Antarctica, which, if melted, would raise global sea levels by almost 60 metres (200 ft). Antarctica holds the record for the lowest measured temperature on Earth, −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F). The coastal regions can reach temperatures over 10 °C (50 °F) in summer. Native species of animals include mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Where vegetation occurs, it is mostly in the form of lichen or moss. The ice shelves of Antarctica were probably first seen in 1820, during a Russian expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev. The decades that followed saw further exploration in French, American, and British expeditions. The first confirmed landing was by a Norwegian team in 1895. In the early 20th century, there were a few expeditions into the interior of the continent. British explorers were the first to reach the magnetic South Pole in 1909, and the geographic South Pole was first reached in 1911 by Norwegian explorers. Antarctica is governed by about 30 countries, all of which are parties of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System. According to the terms of the treaty, military activity, mining, nuclear explosions, and nuclear waste disposal are all prohibited in Antarctica. Tourism, fishing and research are the main human activities in and around Antarctica. During the summer months, about 5,000 people reside at research stations, a figure that drops to around 1,000 in the winter. Despite its remoteness, human activity has a significant impact on the continent via pollution, ozone depletion, and climate change.

    南極（なんきょく、英: Antarctic）とは、地球上の南極点、もしくは南極点を中心とする南極大陸およびその周辺の島嶼・海域（南極海）などを含む地域を言う。南極点を中心に南緯66度33分までの地域については南極圏と呼ぶ。南緯50度から60度にかけて不規則な形状を描く氷塊の不連続線である南極収束線があり、これより南を南極地方とも呼ぶ。南極地方には、南極大陸を中心に南極海を含み、太平洋、インド洋、大西洋の一部も属する。 なお、1961年6月に発効した南極条約により、南緯60度以南の領有権主張は凍結（2021年現在、一部の国が現在も領有権を主張している）されており、軍事利用、核実験なども禁止されている。

    (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Antarctica)

    Antarctica (/ænˈtɑːrktɪkə/) is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000 km2 (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi). Antarctica is, on average, the coldest, driest, and windiest of the continents, and it has the highest average elevation. It is mainly a polar desert, with annual precipitation of over 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. About 70% of the world's freshwater reserves are frozen in Antarctica, which, if melted, would raise global sea levels by almost 60 metres (200 ft). Antarctica holds the record for the lowest measured temperature on Earth, −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F). The coastal regions can reach temperatures over 10 °C (50 °F) in summer. Native species of animals include mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Where vegetation occurs, it is mostly in the form of lichen or moss. The ice shelves of Antarctica were probably first seen in 1820, during a Russian expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev. The decades that followed saw further exploration in French, American, and British expeditions. The first confirmed landing was by a Norwegian team in 1895. In the early 20th century, there were a few expeditions into the interior of the continent. British explorers were the first to reach the magnetic South Pole in 1909, and the geographic South Pole was first reached in 1911 by Norwegian explorers. Antarctica is governed by about 30 countries, all of which are parties of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System. According to the terms of the treaty, military activity, mining, nuclear explosions, and nuclear waste disposal are all prohibited in Antarctica. Tourism, fishing and research are the main human activities in and around Antarctica. During the summer months, about 5,000 people reside at research stations, a figure that drops to around 1,000 in the winter. Despite its remoteness, human activity has a significant impact on the continent via pollution, ozone depletion, and climate change.

    南極大陸（なんきょくたいりく、英: Antarctica、([æntˈɑːrtɪkə]または[ænˈtɑːktɪkə]) 、西: Antártica、仏: Antarctique、諾: Antarktika、葡: Antártica）は、地球の最も南にあり、南極点を含む大陸。 南半球の南極地方にあり、南氷洋に囲まれた南極圏に位置する。5番目に大きな大陸であり約1400万km2の面積は、オーストラリア大陸のほぼ2倍に相当する。約98%は氷で覆われ、その厚さは平均2.00325kmに及ぶ。 南極大陸は、平均気温が最も低く、乾燥し、強風に晒され、また平均海抜も最も高い大陸である。年間降水量が海岸部分で200mm、内陸ではさらに少ない砂漠と考えられる。南極大陸で観測された最低気温は、2018年7月に記録した-97.8°Cである。 この気温では人間が定住することは難しいが、約1000-5000人が大陸中に点在する研究所に年間を通して滞在している。 自然状態では、寒冷な環境に適応可能な生物のみが生存し、多くの藻類、ダニ・線虫やペンギン・鰭脚類・節足動物などの動物類、バクテリア、菌類、植物および原生生物が繁殖している。植生はツンドラである。 かつて、「南の地」を意味するテラ・アウストラリス (Terra Australis) という大陸が空想されていた南極域に、公式に大陸が存在する事が確認されたのは1820年にロシアの探検家ファビアン・ゴットリープ・フォン・ベリングスハウゼンとがボストーク号(en)とミールヌイ号(en)で行った遠征に端を発する。しかし、厳しい自然環境や、当時は資源が見つからなかった事、そして孤立的な地理条件から、19世紀中はほとんど注目されなかった。 1959年、12ヶ国の批准で始まった南極条約は、その後加盟国が49にまで増えた。条約は、軍事的活動や鉱物採掘、核爆発や核廃棄物の発生、各国家による領域主権の主張を禁止し、科学的研究の支援と生物地理区としての保護を定めた。多くの国から派遣された科学者たちが、研究や実験を行っている。

    (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Antarctica)