| definition |
- A reference book containing an explanatory alphabetical list of words, as a book listing a comprehensive or restricted selection of the words of a language; identifying usually, the phonetic, grammatical, and semantic value of each word, often with etymology, citations, and usage guidance and other information.
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| Abstract from DBPedia | A dictionary is a listing of lexemes from the lexicon of one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, pronunciations, translation, etc. It is a lexicographical reference that shows inter-relationships among the data. A broad distinction is made between general and specialized dictionaries. Specialized dictionaries include words in specialist fields, rather than a complete range of words in the language. Lexical items that describe concepts in specific fields are usually called terms instead of words, although there is no consensus whether lexicology and terminology are two different fields of study. In theory, general dictionaries are supposed to be semasiological, mapping word to definition, while specialized dictionaries are supposed to be onomasiological, first identifying concepts and then establishing the terms used to designate them. In practice, the two approaches are used for both types. There are other types of dictionaries that do not fit neatly into the above distinction, for instance bilingual (translation) dictionaries, dictionaries of synonyms (thesauri), and rhyming dictionaries. The word dictionary (unqualified) is usually understood to refer to a general purpose monolingual dictionary. There is also a contrast between prescriptive or descriptive dictionaries; the former reflect what is seen as correct use of the language while the latter reflect recorded actual use. Stylistic indications (e.g. "informal" or "vulgar") in many modern dictionaries are also considered by some to be less than objectively descriptive. The first recorded dictionaries date back to Sumerian times around 2300 BCE, in the form of bilingual dictionaries, and the oldest surviving monolingual dictionaries are Chinese dictionaries c. 3rd century BCE. The first purely English alphabetical dictionary was A Table Alphabeticall, written in 1604, and monolingual dictionaries in other languages also began appearing in Europe at around this time. The systematic study of dictionaries as objects of scientific interest arose as a 20th-century enterprise, called lexicography, and largely initiated by Ladislav Zgusta. The birth of the new discipline was not without controversy, with the practical dictionary-makers being sometimes accused by others of having an "astonishing" lack of method and critical-self reflection.辞典（じてん）とは、言葉や物事、漢字などを集め、その品詞・意味・背景（語源等）・使用法（用例）・派生語・等を解説した書籍。辞書（じしょ）・字引（じびき）とも言う。 なお、「辞典」「辞書」という単語は、主に言葉について書かれたもの（国語辞典、英和辞典、漢和辞典など）について用いるもので、文字について書かれた辞典は「字典」、事物に就いて詳細に書かれた辞典（百科事典など）については「事典」という表記を用いて区別される。「辞典」「字典」「事典」はいずれも「じてん」で発話においては区別できないため、それぞれ「ことばてん」（言葉典）、「もじてん」（文字典）、「ことてん」（事典）と言い換えられることもある。 辞書に関する学問分野として辞書学がある。辞書の編纂者はレキシコグラファー（lexicographer）と呼ばれる。 (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Dictionary) |
