| Abstract from DBPedia | Competition law is the field of law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies. Competition law is implemented through public and private enforcement. It is also known as antitrust law (or just antitrust), trust busting (particularly in the United States), anti-monopoly law, and trade practices law. The history of competition law reaches back to the Roman Empire. The business practices of market traders, guilds and governments have always been subject to scrutiny, and sometimes severe sanctions. Since the 20th century, competition law has become global. The two largest and most influential systems of competition regulation are United States antitrust law and European Union competition law. National and regional competition authorities across the world have formed international support and enforcement networks. Modern competition law has historically evolved on a national level to promote and maintain fair competition in markets principally within the territorial boundaries of nation-states. National competition law usually does not cover activity beyond territorial borders unless it has significant effects at nation-state level. Countries may allow for extraterritorial jurisdiction in competition cases based on so-called "effects doctrine". The protection of international competition is governed by international competition agreements. In 1945, during the negotiations preceding the adoption of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947, limited international competition obligations were proposed within the Charter for an International Trade Organisation. These obligations were not included in GATT, but in 1994, with the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of GATT multilateral negotiations, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was created. The Agreement Establishing the WTO included a range of limited provisions on various cross-border competition issues on a sector specific basis.独占禁止法（どくせんきんしほう）または競争法（きょうそうほう）とは、資本主義の市場経済において、健全で公正な競争状態を維持するために独占的、協調的、あるいは競争方法として不公正な行動を防ぐことを目的とする法令の総称ないし法分野である。「独占禁止法」では、法律の略称と紛らわしいため、区別を明確にする際には「競争法」との呼称が用いられることがある。略称は「独禁法」。 「競争法」と言った場合、独占禁止法(私的独占の禁止及び公正取引の確保に関する法律)のほか、不正競争防止法や景品表示法や下請法なども含む。また、「競争法」は「反競争性をもたらす行為を禁止するという観点から、あらゆる商品役務に適用される法令」とも定義され、この場合は民法、知的財産法や各種事業法なども含む。 現在では経済法の中心的位置を占めると考えられている。 (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Competition_law) |
