Density

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  • density
definition
  • The mass of unit volume of a substance.
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Abstract from DBPedia
    Density (volumetric mass density or specific mass) is the substance's mass per unit of volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter D can also be used. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume: where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. In some cases (for instance, in the United States oil and gas industry), density is loosely defined as its weight per unit volume, although this is scientifically inaccurate – this quantity is more specifically called specific weight. For a pure substance the density has the same numerical value as its mass concentration.Different materials usually have different densities, and density may be relevant to buoyancy, purity and packaging. Osmium and iridium are the densest known elements at standard conditions for temperature and pressure. To simplify comparisons of density across different systems of units, it is sometimes replaced by the dimensionless quantity "relative density" or "specific gravity", i.e. the ratio of the density of the material to that of a standard material, usually water. Thus a relative density less than one relative to water means that the substance floats in water. The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure. This variation is typically small for solids and liquids but much greater for gases. Increasing the pressure on an object decreases the volume of the object and thus increases its density. Increasing the temperature of a substance (with a few exceptions) decreases its density by increasing its volume. In most materials, heating the bottom of a fluid results in convection of the heat from the bottom to the top, due to the decrease in the density of the heated fluid, which causes it to rise relative to denser unheated material. The reciprocal of the density of a substance is occasionally called its specific volume, a term sometimes used in thermodynamics. Density is an intensive property in that increasing the amount of a substance does not increase its density; rather it increases its mass. Other conceptually comparable quantities or ratios include specific density, relative density (specific gravity), and specific weight.

    密度(みつど)は、一般には、対象とする何かの混み合いの程度を示す語である。ただし、科学において、単に密度といえば、単位体積あたりの質量(質量の空間微分)を指すことが多い。 広義には、ある量(物理量など)が、空間(3次元)あるいは面上(2次元)・線上(1次元)に分布していたとして、これらの空間・面・線の微小部分上に存在する当該量と、それぞれ対応する体積・面積・長さに対する比のことを言う(それぞれ、体積密度・面密度・線密度と呼ぶ)。微小部分は通常、単位体・単位面積・単位長さ当たりに相当する場合が多い。勿論、4次元以上の仮想的な場合でもこの関係は成立し、密度を定義することができる。 その他の密度としては、状態密度・電荷密度・ 磁束密度・電流密度・数密度など様々な量(物理量)に対応する密度が存在する(あるいは定義できる)。物理量以外でも人口密度・個体群密度・確率密度、などの値が様々なところで用いられている。密度効果という語もある。

    (Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Density)